No Surprises Act Summary
January 6, 2023
The No Surprises Act (NSA) was enacted as part of the 2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act and its major provisions went into effect January 1, 2022. The NSA is intended to eliminate so-called surprise bills in three specific areas:
| NSA Provisions Common to All Categories |
| Participant cost sharing can be no higher than the in-network cost sharing amount and must be counted against the participant’s in-network deductibles and out of pocket maximums.The provider cannot balance bill the participant for amounts in excess of in-network cost sharing.The amount the plan must pay the provider is determined by the applicable All-Payer Model Agreement (if any); state law (if any); amount the plan and provider agree to; or an independent dispute resolution (IDR) process between the provider and the plan. |
| Additional Provisions: Out of Network Emergency Services |
| No prior authorization for emergency services, even out-of-network.Emergency services must be covered regardless of whether the provider is in-network or out-of-network or any other exclusions in the plan.Once stabilized and able to be transported to in-network facility, with written notice, the out-of-network facility can request participant to waive balance billing protection in order to continue receiving services. |
| Additional Provisions: Non-Emergency Services by Out-of-Network Provides at In-Network Facilities |
| With written notice, an out-of-network provider can request that participant agree to receive services from provider and waive balance billing protections. |
| Additional Provisions: Out-of-Network Air Ambulance Services |
| Out-of-network services must be covered if they would have been covered by an in-network provider. |
Notes:
- IDR Process. Most of the NSA process happens behind the scenes between the insurance carrier/TPA and the out-of-network provider; the employer usually has little to no involvement in the process. Nevertheless, it can be beneficial for employers, especially those with self-funded plans, to understand the IDR process as it may affect the plan’s costs.
| Step 1. Plan makes an initial payment to the out-of-network provider (or denies the claim) within 30 days. Step 2. Once initial payment is made, either the plan or the provider may initiate a 30-day open negotiation period to determine the final payment amount. Step 3. If open negotiation does not result in an agreed upon payment amount, the plan or the provider may initiate the IDR process within 4 business days of the end of the open negotiation period.1 Step 4. The plan and provider jointly agree on a certified IDR entity or, if they do not agree, the agencies select the entity randomly. Step 5. The certified IDR entity attests it has no conflict of interest and verifies the federal IDR process applies to the claim.2 Step 6. The plan and provider submit their proposed payment amounts to the IDR entity along with supporting documentation and explanation. Step 7. The certified IDR entity issues its decision setting the final payment amount. The IDR entity must select one of the proposed payment amounts submitted by the parties – it cannot issue a compromise decision or come up with its own figure. |
Chart Regarding Applicability of the Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Process in Bifurcated States (cms.gov)
2 Due to the large volume of claims submitted in 2022 that were determined not to be eligible for the federal IDR process, the agencies have initiated pre-eligibility review procedures whereby they collect data regarding the eligibility of the claim to forward to the certified IDR entity along with technical assistance and recommendations regarding eligibility, although the certified IDR entity itself is still responsible for making the eligibility determination.
IDR Fees. There are two fees the plan and provider must pay to access the IDR process:
- An administrative fee ($350 in 2023) that is paid to the federal agencies to initiate the process. This fee is collected by the certified IDR entity in connection with Step 5 above. This fee is non-refundable even if the parties later come to an agreement.
- A certified IDR entity fee ($200-$700 for single claims in 2023) that is paid to the entity making the IDR determination. This fee must be paid at the time each party submits its proposed payment amount at Step 6. The prevailing party will have their fee returned to them, i.e., the loser pays. If the parties come to an agreement before the IDR entity renders a decision, each party has half of the fee refunded to them.
- Does the TPA regularly decline to participate in the IDR process? This will generally result in the plan paying the out-of-network provider’s payment amount, which may drive up costs.
- Does the TPA regularly “lowball” the out-of-network providers resulting in unnecessary IDR claims and fees, which may also drive-up costs?
- How many IDR claims are there each year? How many of those claims result in rulings in favor of the TPA vs. the providers?
- How does the TPA handle the IDR fees and expenses? Are they charged back to the employer? Built into the annual TPA fees? Added to the claims cost?
- In some cases, the TPA may seek the plan sponsor’s input or even defer to the plan sponsor to decide whether to pursue IDR or simply pay the out-of-network providers preferred payment amount.
- Qualifying Payment Amount. A common term that comes up in NSA discussions is the “Qualifying Payment Amount,” or QPA. There are detailed rules for calculating the QPA, but broadly speaking, the QPA for a given service is the median contracted rate the carrier or TPA pays in-network providers for the item or service in the geographic region where the claim was incurred. The QPA is then used as a benchmark for various purposes in the NSA and IDR process.
For example, when determining the amount of cost sharing the participant must pay for an NSA covered claim, in most cases, the QPA will be used as the total charged amount in that calculation. So if an out-of-network provider billed a total of $5,000 for a given service but the carrier determines the QPA for that services was $3,000, then $3,000 would be applied to the participant’s in-network deductible; if the deductible had been met but the plan had an 80%/20% coinsurance, the participant would owe 20% x $3000 = $600; if the service was subject to a 30% co-pay, the participant would owe 30% x $3,000 = $900; etc.
The carrier/TPA will often have to provide detailed information about the QPA and how it was calculated at the time it makes its initial payment to the provider in Step 1 above. Information about the QPA and how the proposed payment amount relates to the QPA must also be submitted to the certified IDR entity in Step 6.
Notably the certified IDR entity does not have to select the QPA as the correct payment amount when rendering its decision. The original IDR regulations required the certified IDR entity to begin with the presumption that the QPA was the appropriate out-of-network rate and to select the proposed payment amount closest to the QPA unless a party submitted evidence clearly demonstrating the value of the service was materially different from the QPA. This presumption was challenged in court by a group of providers and was struck down as contrary to the statutory language. The agencies modified the guidance to eliminate this presumption that the QPA was the correct final payment amount, but the guidance still focuses heavily on the QPA in the IDR decision making process. The providers continue to challenge these guidelines as placing too much emphasis on the QPA so it remains to be seen whether the QPA will remain a driving force in setting payment amounts under the IDR process (which would likely favor the plan) or will simply become one more data point to be considered by the certified IDR entity (which would likely favor the providers).
- Notice Requirements. The NSA includes a notice requirement that explains the prohibition on balance billing which must be posted on a public website and included in any EOB (Explanation of Benefits) that includes claims to which NSA applies. The agencies have issued a model notice that satisfies this requirement.
The agencies have clarified that employers do not have to post the notice on their own website as long as there is a written agreement with the plan’s insurer or TPA that they will post it on their website. There is no specific format required for this written agreement – it can be included in an ASO agreement; built into the group master contract; even an email from the carrier/TPA announcing or confirming they will post the notice is likely sufficient. The vast majority of carriers/TPAs have posted the notice on their websites.
While there is no obligation to distribute the NSA notice with other required annual notices, there is certainly no harm in doing so to help educate plan participants on the surprise billing protections.
- Waiving NSA Protections, a/k/a Notice and Consent. An out-of-network emergency provider can request a participant to agree in writing to receive ongoing services at their facility and waive ongoing balance billing protection once the participant has been stabilized and can be safely transported to an in-network facility. Likewise, the NSA allows an out-of-network provider at an in-network facility to seek consent from a plan participant to receive services from the out-of-network provider and waive the balance billing protections of the NSA. (There is no similar notice and consent option available for air ambulance services.)
The provider is required to provide a written notice to the participant that includes certain specified information including a good faith estimate of the cost of the service to be provided and a clear statement that the participant is not required to receive services from the out of network provider but may instead seek services from an in-network provider where the participant’s costs will be limited to the plan’s in-network cost sharing provisions. The notice must be furnished at least 72 hours in advance of the proposed services, except when the services are scheduled less than 72 hours before the date the services are intended to be provided in which case the notice must be provided at least 3 hours before the services are provided.
Note that if the participant does agree to waive the NSA balance bill protections, the IDR process will not apply nor be available to the participant to resolve any disputes with the provider.
While employers are not required to provide any particular information to employees concerning this notice and consent process, it may be worth educating employees in plan communication materials or otherwise to be alert for requests by out-of-network providers to waive the balance bill protections of the NSA, given that balance bill amounts can be significantly higher than, and in addition to, cost sharing amounts for out-of-network providers under the plan.
- Air Ambulance Reporting. The NSA includes a provision which requires plans to report certain information about air ambulance services claims to CMS. This will likely be similar to the current drug reporting requirements included in the CAA but is limited to only two years of reporting. Proposed rules were issued in 2021 which were expected to be finalized before the end of 2021 with the first year’s report due March 2023. However, the rules were not finalized and the NSA provides reporting is not to begin until 90 days after the first full year following the issuance of final rules. So the earliest reporting could begin would be March 2024 (with March 2025 being the more likely start date).
The NSA does not prohibit the TPA/carrier from passing these fees on to the plan sponsor. Most carriers will likely just build these fees into their premiums. Some TPAs may build these costs into their overall fees; others may charge a separate fee each time the IDR process is invoked on behalf of the plan. Some TPAs may also charge additional fees for the time and expense of submitting IDR claims and responses, separate and apart from the IDR fees themselves.
Role of self-funded plan sponsor. While an employer with a self-funded plan will rarely be directly involved in the IDR process itself there are various ways the IDR process may impact the plan:
While the TPA is not necessarily legally required to share this data with the plan sponsor, plan sponsors may want to consider whether it is worth pursuing added language in their TPA agreements requiring the TPA to provide them with information on IDR claims. Employers with access to detailed claims reporting may also want to consider comparing NSA covered claims before and after January 1, 2022 to see if there is a notable increase or decrease in these claims that may be attributable to the IDR process.
Hopefully, the NSA and its balance bill protection measures will provide significant protections for plan participants and avoid some of the staggering surprise medical bills they have been stuck with in the past when they unwittingly, or out of necessity, used an out of network provider. While employers will generally have little direct involvement with the NSA process, it will often be in the best interests particularly of a self-funded employer to have a general understanding of how their TPA handles NSA claims, their approach to the IDR process and its impact on claims cost. And while there are generally no specific notice obligations under the NSA, employers should consider whether it’s worth educating employees on the NSA process beyond the information the TPA/carrier is required to furnish to employees.
